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中英对照:1976年修改的移民法让移民加拿大发生重大转变

The change of Immigration Act in 1976 was significant to Canada
来源: Bob Mok
 
 
本篇文章将根据加拿大移民的历史数据以及我的个人经历和观点,继续探讨加拿大华裔人口的构成。有关这一话题的其他发表文章,请点击http://chinesenewsgroup.com/news/670581
 
We will now continue to examine the composition of people with Chinese heritage in Canada using the historical immigration data and personal perspective and experiences of the writer. For the earlier articles, click here: http://chinesenewsgroup.com/news/670581

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1976年,修订的《移民法》给加拿大移民政策带来重大转变。修改的移民法首次清楚地概述了加拿大移民政策的基本目标,将难民定义为独特的移民类别,并把移民政策作为国策。修订后的《移民法》于1978年4月1日生效。
 
In 1976, the revised Immigration Act represented a significant shift in Canadian immigration legislation. For the first time, it clearly outline the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration policy, define refugees as a distinct class of immigrants and impose a mandatory responsibility on the government to plan for the future of immigration. This revised Immigration Act came into effect on April 1, 1978.

根据这个法案,渥太华确认加拿大将接受三类移民:按照积分决定移民资格的独立移民;家庭移民,包括加拿大公民和永久居民的直系亲属,《联合国难民公约》中所定义的难民。
 
Within the act, three classes of admissible immigrants were recognized: independent immigrants selected on the basis of the points system; a family class which included the immediate family members of Canadian citizens and permanent residents; and refugees as defined by the United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.

 
以积分决定移民资格的独立移民为1980年代初期的香港居民移民加拿大打开了大门。那时候,港人担心1997年的香港回归和天安门事件所带来的影响。许多移民律师在香港开办事处。律师的收费最高为10,000元,按当年的汇率约为13,000加元。
 
The independent immigrants based on points system opened the door for Hong Kong residents in the early 1980's who were panicking over the negotiations for the 1997 return of the colony to China and the Tiananmen Square incident. Many immigration lawyers opened up their offices to assist immigration from Hong Kong. Many of them charged up to US $10,000 for each applicant which was around Canadian $13,000 at that time.
 
移民律师向港人客户发送加拿大移民局时常更新的“加拿大最需要哪些人”的资料,以便申请人得到更高的移民积分。当时,在哪里申请和何时申请、加拿大需要哪种“热门”技能都可能影响你的移民成功或失败。获得更多积分的另一个因素是你在加拿大是否有亲戚,那些亲戚能否为你提供担保。这种情况发生在很多我的香港亲戚和朋友身上发生。
 
The Immigration Lawyers helped their clients to Identify the top jobs from constantly revised “monthly priority lists” at Canadian Immigration Offices overseas to give the applicants the maximum number of points. Submitting an application at the right place and time and under the “hot” skills required in Canada could mean the difference between success and failure. Another way to get more immigration points will be having relatives in Canada and better still, committed sponsorship by them. I have seen these scenarios happened to many of my Hong Kong friends and relatives.

 
1986年,加拿大实施了投资移民计划(IIP),其目标是从国外吸引富有的商人来加拿大定居和投资。该计划让那些拥有160万元净资产的人获得移民身份,前提是申请人要向政府提供80万元的五年无息贷款。申请人在几乎没有风险的情况下向政府项目提供资金,政府鼓励他们在加拿大花钱和做生意。
 
In 1986, the Immigrant Investor Program (IIP) was introduced with the goal of luring a wealthy business class from abroad to settle and invest in Canada. The program allowed immigrants with a net worth of $1.6 million permanent residency in exchange for providing the government an interest-free, five-year loan of $800,000. The idea was to provide funding for government projects at next to no risk and encourage spending and development within Canada.
 
投资移民计划使许多大陆人以技能,经营小企业的经验和有钱移民加拿大。90年代,一种典型的中国大陆家庭移民安省的手段是购买一栋房子,并将部分房子分租出去。我的儿子上大学到士嘉堡实习期间与他的朋友从一对大陆移民夫妇的手里租房。我去看儿子时,发现他们把车库也装修出租了。他们还将楼上的卧室出租给了另一个家庭,主人和租客共用楼下的厨房。五年后,我遇到了这对夫妇。他们那时已经还清了房贷,卖掉了原有的那栋房子,换到位于万锦的大房子里。从那以后,他们不再找房客了。
 
The IIP allowed many of the Mainlanders to come to Canada with technical skills, experience with running small businesses, and money! In the 1990's, a typical Chinese Mainland family will come to Ontario and subletting parts of their mortgaged home to others. My son once rented a basement with his friends during university work term in Scarborough from a mainland couple. Upon my visit, I realized that the garage was also modified and rented to others. The owner also rented some of the bedrooms upstairs to another family and both parties shared the Kitchen downstairs. Five years later, I met the owners and found that they have paid off the mortgage, sold that house and moved to a bigger one to Markham. This time, they are not subletting their new homes any more.

 
2002年,我的堂兄从中国大陆移民加拿大。刚来加拿大时,他们从一家在家里做服装的业主手中租了地下室。业主是企业家,工作努力。这些大陆人中有许多来自广东省,与移民统计中的数据相符。
 
In 2002 my cousins immigrated from Mainland China and they initially rented a basement from an owner that operated a sewing shop upstairs. The owners were entrepreneurs and they worked hard to earn their living. Many of these Mainlanders were from Guangdong province at the time, matching the patterns from the Immigration statistics.
 
投资移民计划吸引了很大一部分的来自中国大陆和香港的人。他们定居在加拿大西部和安大略省。渥太华于2012年取消了该计划,并于2014年6月19日取消了15,000份尚未审理的申请。这些申请主要来自中国公民。代替投资移民计划的是风险投资移民试点计划(IIVC)。该计划要求申请人有更大的经济实力才能移民加拿大。申请人的净资产要在1000万元以上,且必须向风险投资试点计划(IIVC)的基金投资200万元,期限为15年,且投资回报不保证。该计划完全失败,没有吸引几个人申请。
 
Under the IIP a large portion of investor class migrants arrived in Canada from mainland China and Hong Kong and settled in Western Canada and Ontario. The government placed a moratorium on the program in 2012 and cancelling more than 15,000 unprocessed applications mostly from Chinese nationals on June 19, 2014. The successor – the Investor Venture Capital (IIVC) Pilot Program provided a route to Canadian permanent residence for high-net worth individuals. Candidates with a legally acquired net worth of $10 million or more must invest $2 million in the Immigrant Investor Venture Capital (IIVC) Fund for a period of 15 years with no guarantee of a return. This program is a total failure and only attracted a handful of applications.



2015年1月,加拿大实施“快速入境计划”来吸引加拿大经济所需的移民,包括联邦技术人员计划,联邦行业工人计划,有加拿大工作经验和部分省提名计划。该计划使许多外国留学生毕业后成为移民,我遇到过很多采用这一计划获得移民身份的大陆留学生。
 
In January 2015, Canada introduced the Express Entry Program as an application management system for certain economic immigration programs including the Federal Skilled Worker Program, Federal Skilled Trades Program, Canadian Experience Class and a portion of the Provincial Nominee program. This program benefits many overseas students upon graduation and I met many of the from Mainland China.
 
过去20多年来,香港和台湾的移民申请数量一直微不足道,而来自中国大陆的移民人数每年一直稳定在三万人以上。 大陆移民带来了独特的中国特色,他们在文化和政治上与他们的华人移民前辈有所不同。 在下一篇文章里,我们将探讨老移民与大陆移民之间的冲突和影响。
 
For over 20 consecutive years, the immigration applicants from Hong Kong and Taiwan dwindled to an insignificant amount while those coming from Mainland China consistently topped thirty thousand persons a year. They bring with them unique Chinese characteristics that are culturally and politically different than the other citizens of Chinese heritage. We will examine this collision and impact between the two group next time.

 

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